Slavery
a. When and how did slavery begin in the southern state?
Started in 1619, Virginia. 20 captive Africans were sold into slavery to work in the tobacco crops in the state.
Africa or those native to America
c. Who traditionally bought and owned the slaves?
The Europeans who settled in America traditionally bought and owned the slaves. They are predominantly the English.
Yes. Below show some of the rules the slaves had to abide by:
(Taken from a website which I could not remember)
2) A slave was not permitted to keep a gun. If caught carrying a gun, the slave received 39 lashes and forfeited the gun. Blacks were held incompetent as witnesses in legal cases involving whites. The education of slaves was prohibited. Anyone operating a school or teaching reading and writing to any African-American in Missouri could be punished by a fine of not less than $500 and up to six months in jail. Slaves could not assemble without a white person present. Marriages between slaves were not considered legally binding. Therefore, owners were free to split up families through sale.
3) Any slave found guilty of arson, rape of a white woman, or conspiracy to rebel was put to death. However, since the slave woman was chattel, a white man who raped her was guilty only of a trespass on the master's property.
4) All persons except Negroes are to be provided with arms and ammunitions or be fined at the pleasure of the governor and council.
5) All children born in Colonial America shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother
6) If a free-born [English] woman intermarries with any slave shall serve the master of the slave during the life of her husband; and that all the issue of such free-born women, so married shall be slaves as their fathers were.
7) Baptism does not alter the condition to the person as to his bondage or freedom; masters freed from this doubt may more carefully propagate Christianity by permitting slaves to be admitted to that sacrament.
8) All servants imported into America either by sea or by land, whether Negroes, Moors [Muslim North Africans], mulattoes or Indians who and whose parentage and native countries are not Christian at the time of their first purchase by some Christian and all Indians, which shall be sold by our neighboring Indians, or any other trafficking with us for slaves, are hereby adjudged, deemed and taken to be slaves to all intents and purposes any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.
10) All negroes, mulatoes, mestizoes or Indians, which at any time heretofore have been sold, or now are held or taken to be, or hereafter shall be bought and sold for slaves, are hereby declared slaves; and they, and their children, are hereby made and declared slaves.
The Civil War
a. Identify the Southern States
Initial states in the Confederate States of America:
1. South Carolina (December 20, 1860)
2. Mississippi (January 9, 1861)
3. Florida (January 10, 1861)
4. Alabama (January 11, 1861)
5. Georgia (January 19, 1861)
6. Louisiana (January 26, 1861)
7. Texas (February 1, 1861)
States that declared their secession after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops on April 15
1. Virginia (April 17, 1861; ratified by voters May 23, 1861)
2. Arkansas (May 6, 1861)
3. Tennessee (May 7, 1861; ratified by voters June 8, 1861)
4. North Carolina (May 20, 1861)
Abraham Lincoln
c. Why was the Civil War fought?
Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property. This led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. Both sides raised armies as the Union assumed control of the Border States early in the war and established a naval blockade.
d. When was this war fought?
12 April 1861 – 9 April 1865
e. What was the outcome of this war?
The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties (3% of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease. The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined.
Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South. About 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the Civil War.
f. How does the Civil Rights movement relate to the novel?
"To Kill a Mockingbird" was released on July 11, 1960. The Civil Rights Movement for African Americans in the US peaked during the early to mid-1960s. This coincided with the time the novel was at the height of its popularity.
The novel, in a sense, was a voice for the injustice that was (and still is in many places) occurring. This is one large reason the novel has the staying power that it does and still serves as a reminder of what racial ignorance can create.
Jim Crow’s Laws
a. What/who is Jim Crow?
Jim Crow is a not a person. The name came from a song composed by Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice, a white American who sang the song, accompanied with a dance routine on stage wearing makeup which made his skin black. This performance became a hit success. Later, the stereotype for the Afro-Americans was that they were singing, dancing and grinning fools. The term later became as offensive as calling an Afro-American a black, but not as offensive as the term “nigger”.
Jim Crow was later used to describe the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-Black laws. It was a way of life. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens.
b. What were Jim Crow’s laws?
1. A Black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White male because it implied being socially equal. Obviously, a Black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape.
2. Blacks and Whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, Whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them.
3. Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a White female -- that gesture implied intimacy.
4. Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended Whites.
5. Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that Blacks were introduced to Whites, never Whites to Blacks. For example: "Mr. Peters (the White person), this is Charlie (the Black person), that I spoke to you about."
6. Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to Blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, Blacks were called by their first names. Blacks had to use courtesy titles when referring to Whites, and were not allowed to call them by their first names.
7. If a Black person rode in a car driven by a White person, the Black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck.
8. White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.
9. When a Afro-American speaks to a White, he never
I. Asserts or even intimate that a White person is lying.
II. Imputes dishonorable intentions to a White person.
III. Suggests that a White person is from an inferior class.
IV. Lays claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence.
V. Curses a White person.
VI. Laughs derisively at a White person.
VII. Comments upon the appearance of a White female
c. What was the response of the slaves and the Blacks to these laws?
The Afro-Americans strongly opposed to the oppressing laws and started fighting against discrimination against freedom. They constantly rebelled and organized riots, with the year 1919 called the “Red Summer”, with 26 race riots between the months of April and October.
Yes.
It was when Jean Louise and her brother Jeremy Atticus Finch followed their Afro-American caretaker Calpurnia to the church for the African-Americans.
It was when Jean Louise and her brother Jeremy Atticus Finch followed their Afro-American caretaker Calpurnia to the church for the African-Americans.
We also could see the Jim Crow Laws surface during the court trial against the African-American Tom Robinson. Tom was not addressed as sir but ‘boy’ and though Tom was not in the wrong, he was still convicted of rape on a white woman called Mayella Ewell.
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